CCNA Lab 5.1.4 Tugas CCNA lab 5.1.4

Lab 5.1.4 Using the Windows Calculator with Network Addresses
Objectives
• • Switch between the two Windows Calculator modes.
• • Use Windows Calculator to convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal.
• • Use Windows Calculator to determine the number of hosts in a network with powers of 2.
Background / Preparation
Network technicians work with binary, decimal, hexadecimal numbers with computers and networking devices. In this lab you will use the Windows Calculator application to convert between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems. You will also use the powers function to determine the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of bits available. The following resources are required:
• • PC with Windows XP installed and functional
Step 1: Access Windows Calculator and determine mode of operation
1. From the Start button menu, select All Programs > Accessories, and click on Calculator. An alternate method of starting the Calculator application is to access the Start menu, click on Run, type calc and press Enter. Try both methods.
2. Once the Calculator application opens, select the View menu option.
3. Which mode [Standard | Scientific] is currently active? Jawab: Mode yang sedang aktif sekarang adalah Scientific
4. Select the Standard mode. This is a basic mode for simple calculations. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? Jawab: Fungsi matematika yang ada pada Standart model adalah 7 fungsi matematika
Step 2: Convert between number systems
1. Access Scientific mode. Notice the number system modes available—Hex (Hexadecimal), Dec (Decimal), Oct (Octal), and Bin (Binary).
2. Which number system is currently active? Jawab: System bilangan yang sedang aktif pada model Scientific adalah Decimal.
3. Which numbers on the number pad are active in Decimal mode? Jawab: Bilangan yang aktif adalah:
4. Click on the Bin (Binary) mode radio button. Which numbers on the number pad are now active? Jawab:
5. Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? Jawab: bilangan yang berwarna buram membuktikan bahwa bilangan tersebut tidak aktif untuk binery. Karena bilangan pada binery hanya 0 dan 1.
6. Click on the Hex (Hexadecimal) mode radio button.
7. Which characters on the number pad are now activated? Jawab karakter yang aktif pada bilangan hexadecimal adalah:
8. Click on the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click on the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the number pad. The decimal number 15 has now been entered. Click on the Bin radio button.
9. What happened to the number 15 listed in the textbox at the top of the window? Jawab: Ketika decimal aktif saya mengetikan angka 15 kemudian saya tukar dengan Binery maka angka 15 berubah menjadi 1111.
10. By selecting different modes, numbers are converted from one number system to another. Select Dec mode again. The number in the window converts back to decimal. Select the Hex mode.
11. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or A through F) represents decimal 15? Jawab: pada Hexadecimal yang mempresentasika 15 adalah F
12. Clear the number 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can the mouse be used to enter numbers, but the numerical keypad on the keyboard as well as numbers on the keyboard can also be used. Using the numerical keypad to the right of the ENTER key, type the number 22. Note that if the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num Lock key to enable the numeric keypad. While the number 22 is showing in the calculator, use the number keys across the top of the keyboard to add a 0 to the number 22 (220 should now be on the calculator). Select the Bin radio button.
13. What is the binary equivalent of 220? Jawab: Decimal 220 equivalent dengan 11011100 pada bineryClear the number 220 in the window. From Binary mode, type in the following binary number: 11001100. Select the Dec radio button.
14. What is the decimal equivalent to the binary number of 11011100? Jawab: Binery 11011100 equivalent dengan 220 Decimal

1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary.

Decimal Binery
86 1010110
175 10101111
204 11001100
19 10011
1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal.
Decimal Binery
11000011 195
101010 42
111000 56
10010011 147
Step 3: Convert host IP addresses
1. Computer hosts usually have two addresses, an Internet Protocol (IP) address and an Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) address. For the benefit of humans, the IP address is normally represented as a dotted decimal notation, such as 135.15.227.68. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits. Remember that the computer only understands binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:

jika jumlah semua ada 4 oktet maka ada 32 bit yang terbentuk karena 1 oktet terdiri dari 8 bits.

1. IP addresses are normally shown with four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and separated by a period. Convert the 4 parts of the IP address 192.168.10.2 to binary.



Decimal Binary
192 11000000
168 10101000
10 00001010
2 00000010s
1. Notice in the previous problem how the 10 converted to only four digits and the number 2 converted to only two digits. When IP addresses can have any number from 0 to 255 in each position, eight digits are normally used to represent each number. In the previous example, eight digits were needed to convert 192 and 168 to binary, but 10 and 2 did not need as many digits. Normally 0s are added to the left of the digits to have eight digits in binary for each IP address number. The number 10 would be shown as 00001010. Four extra zeros are added to the front of the other four binary digits.
2. On the calculator in Binary mode, enter the digits 00001010 and select the Dec radio button.
3. Which decimal number is equivalent to 00001010?
Jawab:

00001010 ekuivalen dengan 10 pada decimal

1. Did adding “leading” zeros affect the number any?
Jawab:

Tidak karena 0 di depan tidak mempunyai pengaruh di dalam pengkonversian.

1. What would the number 2 (in the previous example) be if you were to make it eight digits?
Jawab:

karena pada IP address satu octet harus berisikan 8 digit bilangan biner.

Step 4: Convert host IP subnet masks
1. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented as dotted decimal. A subnet mask will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each one represented as a decimal number. With the exception of decimal 0 (all 8 binary zeros) and decimal 255 (all 8 binary ones), each octet will have some number of ones on the left and some number of zeros on the right. Convert the 8 possible decimal subnet octet values to binary.
Decimal Binary
0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
128 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
192 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
224 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
240 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
248 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
252 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
254 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
1. Convert the four parts of the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 to binary.
Jawab:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Step 5: Convert broadcast addresses
1. Computer hosts and network devices use broadcast addresses to send messages to all hosts. Convert the following broadcast addresses.

Address Binery
IP broadcast255.255.255.255 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
MAC broadcastFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
Step 6: Convert IP and MAC addresses for a host
1. Click the Start button, select Run, type cmd, and press Enter. From the command prompt, type ipconfig /all.

1. Make a note of the IP address and physical address (also known as a MAC address).
IP Address:
Jawab:

IP addressnya adalah 192.168.193.71

MAC Address:
Jawab:

MAC addresnya adalah 00-17-C4-23-43-FE

1. Using the calculator, convert the four numbers contained in the IP address to binary.

Decimal Binary
192 11000000
168 10101000
193 11000001
71 01000111
1. The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs and separated by dashes (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are shown in a format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from a to f. Each of the hex characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits which is what the computer understands. If all 12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:

Jika ada 12 karakter hexadecimal maka akan ada 96 bilangan biner yang terbentuk.

1. Convert each of the hexadecimal pairs to binary. For example, if the number CC-12-DE-4A-BD-88-34 was the physical address, convert the hexadecimal number CC to binary (11001100). Then convert the hexadecimal number 12 to binary (00010010) and so on. Be sure to add the leading zeros for a total of 8 binary digits per pair of hex digits.


Hexadecimal Binery
CC 11001100
12 00010010
DE 11011110
4A 01001010
BD 10111101
88 10001000
34 00110100
Step 7: Manipulate powers of 2 to determine the number of hosts on a network
Binary numbers use two digits, 0 and 1. When you calculate how many hosts can be on a subnetwork, you use powers of two because binary is being used. As an example, we have a subnet mask that leaves six bits in the host portion of the IP address. In this case, the number of hosts on that network is 2 to the 6th power minus 2 (because you need a number to represent the network and
1. number that can be used to reach all the hosts—the broadcast address). The number 2 is always used because we are working in binary. The number 6 is the number of bits that are used for the host bits.
2. On the calculator, in Dec mode, input the number 2. Select the x^y key, the key which raises a number to a power. Input the number 6. Click on the = key, press Enter on the keyboard, or press the = key on the keyboard—all give the total. The number 64 appears in the output. To subtract two, click on the minus (-) key and then the 2 key followed by the = key. The number 62 appears in the output. This means 62 hosts could be utilized.
3. Using the previously described process, determine the number of hosts if the following number of bits are used for host bits.

No. of Bits Used forHosts No. of Hosts
5 30 hosts
14 16382 hosts
24 16777214 host
10 1022 hosts
1. Using a similar technique as learned previously, determine what 10 to the 4th power equals.
Jawab:

Hasilnya adalah 9998

1. Close the Windows Calculator application.

Step 8: (Optional) Determine the network number and number of hosts based on subnet mask
1. Given the IP network address of 172.16.203.56 and a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0, determine the network portion of the address and calculate how many hosts can be created from host bits left.
2. Start by converting the 4 octets of the decimal IP address to binary and then convert the decimal subnet mask to binary. Remember to include leading zeros when converting to binary in order to make a total of 8 bits per octet.

Decimal IP addressand subnet mask Binary IP address and subnet mask
172.16.203.56 10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
1. Align the 32 bits of the subnet mask to the 32 bits of the IP address and compare them. The bits in the IP address that align with the ones bits in the subnet mask represent the network number. What is the binary and decimal network number for this IP address? Determine the binary address first (include all 32 bits) and then convert it to decimal. Binary network address:
Jawab:

10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000



10101100.00010000.11001000.00000000

Decimal network address:
Jawab:

172.16.200.0
1. How many ones bits are in the subnet mask?
Jawab:

Subnetmask = 2n = 23=8
1. How many bits are left for host bits?
Jawab:

Host = 2n-2= 25-2= 30

1. How many hosts can be created with the bits left?
Jawab:

Host =2n-2= 211-2= 2046

Step 9: Reflection
1. List one other thing for which you might use the Windows Calculator scientific mode. It does not have to be related to networking.

Jawab: Windows Calculator dapat digunkan untuk operasi Matematika dan operasi Gerbang logika.

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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CCNA Lab 5.1.4 Tugas CCNA lab 5.1.4

Lab 5.1.4 Using the Windows Calculator with Network Addresses
Objectives
• • Switch between the two Windows Calculator modes.
• • Use Windows Calculator to convert between decimal, binary, and hexadecimal.
• • Use Windows Calculator to determine the number of hosts in a network with powers of 2.
Background / Preparation
Network technicians work with binary, decimal, hexadecimal numbers with computers and networking devices. In this lab you will use the Windows Calculator application to convert between the binary, decimal, and hexadecimal number systems. You will also use the powers function to determine the number of hosts that can be addressed based on the number of bits available. The following resources are required:
• • PC with Windows XP installed and functional
Step 1: Access Windows Calculator and determine mode of operation
1. From the Start button menu, select All Programs > Accessories, and click on Calculator. An alternate method of starting the Calculator application is to access the Start menu, click on Run, type calc and press Enter. Try both methods.
2. Once the Calculator application opens, select the View menu option.
3. Which mode [Standard | Scientific] is currently active? Jawab: Mode yang sedang aktif sekarang adalah Scientific
4. Select the Standard mode. This is a basic mode for simple calculations. How many mathematical functions are available in this mode? Jawab: Fungsi matematika yang ada pada Standart model adalah 7 fungsi matematika
Step 2: Convert between number systems
1. Access Scientific mode. Notice the number system modes available—Hex (Hexadecimal), Dec (Decimal), Oct (Octal), and Bin (Binary).
2. Which number system is currently active? Jawab: System bilangan yang sedang aktif pada model Scientific adalah Decimal.
3. Which numbers on the number pad are active in Decimal mode? Jawab: Bilangan yang aktif adalah:
4. Click on the Bin (Binary) mode radio button. Which numbers on the number pad are now active? Jawab:
5. Why do you think the other numbers are grayed out? Jawab: bilangan yang berwarna buram membuktikan bahwa bilangan tersebut tidak aktif untuk binery. Karena bilangan pada binery hanya 0 dan 1.
6. Click on the Hex (Hexadecimal) mode radio button.
7. Which characters on the number pad are now activated? Jawab karakter yang aktif pada bilangan hexadecimal adalah:
8. Click on the Dec radio button. Using your mouse, click on the number 1 followed by the number 5 on the number pad. The decimal number 15 has now been entered. Click on the Bin radio button.
9. What happened to the number 15 listed in the textbox at the top of the window? Jawab: Ketika decimal aktif saya mengetikan angka 15 kemudian saya tukar dengan Binery maka angka 15 berubah menjadi 1111.
10. By selecting different modes, numbers are converted from one number system to another. Select Dec mode again. The number in the window converts back to decimal. Select the Hex mode.
11. Which hexadecimal character (0 through 9 or A through F) represents decimal 15? Jawab: pada Hexadecimal yang mempresentasika 15 adalah F
12. Clear the number 15 in the window. Select Dec mode again. Not only can the mouse be used to enter numbers, but the numerical keypad on the keyboard as well as numbers on the keyboard can also be used. Using the numerical keypad to the right of the ENTER key, type the number 22. Note that if the number does not enter into the calculator, press the Num Lock key to enable the numeric keypad. While the number 22 is showing in the calculator, use the number keys across the top of the keyboard to add a 0 to the number 22 (220 should now be on the calculator). Select the Bin radio button.
13. What is the binary equivalent of 220? Jawab: Decimal 220 equivalent dengan 11011100 pada bineryClear the number 220 in the window. From Binary mode, type in the following binary number: 11001100. Select the Dec radio button.
14. What is the decimal equivalent to the binary number of 11011100? Jawab: Binery 11011100 equivalent dengan 220 Decimal

1. Convert the following decimal numbers to binary.

Decimal Binery
86 1010110
175 10101111
204 11001100
19 10011
1. Convert the following binary numbers to decimal.
Decimal Binery
11000011 195
101010 42
111000 56
10010011 147
Step 3: Convert host IP addresses
1. Computer hosts usually have two addresses, an Internet Protocol (IP) address and an Ethernet Media Access Control (MAC) address. For the benefit of humans, the IP address is normally represented as a dotted decimal notation, such as 135.15.227.68. Each of the decimal octets in the address or a mask can be converted to 8 binary bits. Remember that the computer only understands binary bits. If all 4 octets were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:

jika jumlah semua ada 4 oktet maka ada 32 bit yang terbentuk karena 1 oktet terdiri dari 8 bits.

1. IP addresses are normally shown with four decimal numbers ranging from 0 to 255 and separated by a period. Convert the 4 parts of the IP address 192.168.10.2 to binary.



Decimal Binary
192 11000000
168 10101000
10 00001010
2 00000010s
1. Notice in the previous problem how the 10 converted to only four digits and the number 2 converted to only two digits. When IP addresses can have any number from 0 to 255 in each position, eight digits are normally used to represent each number. In the previous example, eight digits were needed to convert 192 and 168 to binary, but 10 and 2 did not need as many digits. Normally 0s are added to the left of the digits to have eight digits in binary for each IP address number. The number 10 would be shown as 00001010. Four extra zeros are added to the front of the other four binary digits.
2. On the calculator in Binary mode, enter the digits 00001010 and select the Dec radio button.
3. Which decimal number is equivalent to 00001010?
Jawab:

00001010 ekuivalen dengan 10 pada decimal

1. Did adding “leading” zeros affect the number any?
Jawab:

Tidak karena 0 di depan tidak mempunyai pengaruh di dalam pengkonversian.

1. What would the number 2 (in the previous example) be if you were to make it eight digits?
Jawab:

karena pada IP address satu octet harus berisikan 8 digit bilangan biner.

Step 4: Convert host IP subnet masks
1. Subnet masks, such as 255.255.255.0, are also represented as dotted decimal. A subnet mask will always consist of four 8-bit octets, each one represented as a decimal number. With the exception of decimal 0 (all 8 binary zeros) and decimal 255 (all 8 binary ones), each octet will have some number of ones on the left and some number of zeros on the right. Convert the 8 possible decimal subnet octet values to binary.
Decimal Binary
0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
128 11111111.11111111.00000000.00000000
192 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
224 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
240 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
248 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
252 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
254 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000
255 11111111.11111111.11111111.11111111
1. Convert the four parts of the subnet mask 255.255.255.0 to binary.
Jawab:

11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000

Step 5: Convert broadcast addresses
1. Computer hosts and network devices use broadcast addresses to send messages to all hosts. Convert the following broadcast addresses.

Address Binery
IP broadcast255.255.255.255 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
MAC broadcastFF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF 11111111.1111111.11111111.11111111
Step 6: Convert IP and MAC addresses for a host
1. Click the Start button, select Run, type cmd, and press Enter. From the command prompt, type ipconfig /all.

1. Make a note of the IP address and physical address (also known as a MAC address).
IP Address:
Jawab:

IP addressnya adalah 192.168.193.71

MAC Address:
Jawab:

MAC addresnya adalah 00-17-C4-23-43-FE

1. Using the calculator, convert the four numbers contained in the IP address to binary.

Decimal Binary
192 11000000
168 10101000
193 11000001
71 01000111
1. The MAC or physical address is normally represented as 12 hexadecimal characters, grouped in pairs and separated by dashes (-). Physical addresses on a Windows-based computer are shown in a format of xx-xx-xx-xx-xx-xx, where each x is a number from 0 to 9 or a letter from a to f. Each of the hex characters in the address can be converted to 4 binary bits which is what the computer understands. If all 12 hex characters were converted to binary, how many bits would there be?
Jawab:

Jika ada 12 karakter hexadecimal maka akan ada 96 bilangan biner yang terbentuk.

1. Convert each of the hexadecimal pairs to binary. For example, if the number CC-12-DE-4A-BD-88-34 was the physical address, convert the hexadecimal number CC to binary (11001100). Then convert the hexadecimal number 12 to binary (00010010) and so on. Be sure to add the leading zeros for a total of 8 binary digits per pair of hex digits.


Hexadecimal Binery
CC 11001100
12 00010010
DE 11011110
4A 01001010
BD 10111101
88 10001000
34 00110100
Step 7: Manipulate powers of 2 to determine the number of hosts on a network
Binary numbers use two digits, 0 and 1. When you calculate how many hosts can be on a subnetwork, you use powers of two because binary is being used. As an example, we have a subnet mask that leaves six bits in the host portion of the IP address. In this case, the number of hosts on that network is 2 to the 6th power minus 2 (because you need a number to represent the network and
1. number that can be used to reach all the hosts—the broadcast address). The number 2 is always used because we are working in binary. The number 6 is the number of bits that are used for the host bits.
2. On the calculator, in Dec mode, input the number 2. Select the x^y key, the key which raises a number to a power. Input the number 6. Click on the = key, press Enter on the keyboard, or press the = key on the keyboard—all give the total. The number 64 appears in the output. To subtract two, click on the minus (-) key and then the 2 key followed by the = key. The number 62 appears in the output. This means 62 hosts could be utilized.
3. Using the previously described process, determine the number of hosts if the following number of bits are used for host bits.

No. of Bits Used forHosts No. of Hosts
5 30 hosts
14 16382 hosts
24 16777214 host
10 1022 hosts
1. Using a similar technique as learned previously, determine what 10 to the 4th power equals.
Jawab:

Hasilnya adalah 9998

1. Close the Windows Calculator application.

Step 8: (Optional) Determine the network number and number of hosts based on subnet mask
1. Given the IP network address of 172.16.203.56 and a subnet mask of 255.255.248.0, determine the network portion of the address and calculate how many hosts can be created from host bits left.
2. Start by converting the 4 octets of the decimal IP address to binary and then convert the decimal subnet mask to binary. Remember to include leading zeros when converting to binary in order to make a total of 8 bits per octet.

Decimal IP addressand subnet mask Binary IP address and subnet mask
172.16.203.56 10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
255.255.248.0 11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000
1. Align the 32 bits of the subnet mask to the 32 bits of the IP address and compare them. The bits in the IP address that align with the ones bits in the subnet mask represent the network number. What is the binary and decimal network number for this IP address? Determine the binary address first (include all 32 bits) and then convert it to decimal. Binary network address:
Jawab:

10101100.00010000.11001011.00111000
11111111.11111111.11111000.00000000



10101100.00010000.11001000.00000000

Decimal network address:
Jawab:

172.16.200.0
1. How many ones bits are in the subnet mask?
Jawab:

Subnetmask = 2n = 23=8
1. How many bits are left for host bits?
Jawab:

Host = 2n-2= 25-2= 30

1. How many hosts can be created with the bits left?
Jawab:

Host =2n-2= 211-2= 2046

Step 9: Reflection
1. List one other thing for which you might use the Windows Calculator scientific mode. It does not have to be related to networking.

Jawab: Windows Calculator dapat digunkan untuk operasi Matematika dan operasi Gerbang logika.

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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CCNA Lab 4.2.3 Tugas CCNA lab 4.2.3

Lab 4.2.3 Tracing Internet Connectivity
Objectives
• • Use software that shows how data travels through the Internet.
• • Use the ping utility to test connectivity to a remote network.
• • Construct a visual map of connectivity from your network to a remote network.
Background / Preparation
In order to perform this lab, Internet connectivity is required. On a PC, open a web browser to ensure connectivity exists before beginning this lab. This lab has an optional first step of downloading and installing a free program that can be used to determine the path a packet takes through the Internet. This program may be free, but it also may be copyrighted. Also, it may be that you are not permitted on a campus computer to download and install software. Check with the instructor or student assistant if you are unsure. The following resources will be required:
1. • Windows-based computer with Internet connectivity
2. • Ability to download and install freeware software (optional)
3. • Access to the Run command
Step 1: (Optional) Download and install a free program
1. Open a search engine such as Google (www.google.com), Yahoo (www.yahoo.com), or Search (http://search.com).
2. Which words do you think would give you the best result if you are searching for a visual program that allows you to trace how data (a packet) travels through the Internet? Write your search words.Answere: www. google.com
3. Type the words you chose in the Search field. Locate and download the software and install it. Normally, the website has a link to the download site or you can click the words “Download” or “Download Now”. When you download any freeware, remember the location on the hard drive, flash drive, or disk media where you saved the program. Write down where the download is saved. Answere: my Dokuments in folder downloads.
4. What is the name of the program you installed? Answere: IDM (Internet Download Manager)
Step 2: Locate web sites
1. Using the search engine again, locate five businesses with a web server, which are located in a country different from your own.
2. Write the names of the five business web sites. Answere: toko online, bisnis online pilihan, bisnis online indonesia, beton market.
3. Using the search engine again, locate a business in your own country that has a web site that is accessible.
4. Write the URL of the web site. An example URL is www.cisco.com. Answere: www.bisnisonlineindonesia.com
Step 3: (Optional) Use downloaded visual trace route tool
1. Using the software you have downloaded and installed, use the tool to determine the path which the packet takes to reach one of the remote country destinations. Each tool normally allows you to type a URL. The program should either list or visually display the path taken by the packet.
2. How many hops does the packet take to get from your computer to the destination computer? Answere: over a maximum of 30 hops atau lebih dari 30 hops tampak dilayar ada 20 hops(jalur)
3. If your tool also provides time information, write down how long it took for the packet to reach the first hop? Answere:15 menit
4. Use the tool to determine the path to another foreign country site.
5. How many hops does the packet take to get from your computer to the destination computer? Answere: http://www.netlink.co.uk/users/itcentre/ lebih dari 30 hop(jalur yang dilintasinya) namun terlihat dilayar ada 17 hop yang dilalui.
6. Use the tool to determine the path to a web site in your own country. Yaitu: www.pemdapadang.com ada 30 hops.Was the time it took to reach a web site in your own country shorter or longer? Answere: longer
7. Try to think of an instance where the time it takes to reach a web server in your own country would be longer than it takes to reach another country’s web server? Answere: karena di Indonesia belum ada server yang besar sehingga pengiriman paket data harus melalui server Negara lain.
Step 4: Use the tracert command
1. Click the Start button, click the Run option, type cmd, and press Enter. An alternate way to get to the command prompt is to click Start > All Programs > Accessories > Command Prompt.
2. From the command prompt, type tracert and press Enter. Options that can be used with the tracert command are shown. Items shown in square brackets [ ] are optional. For example, the first option that can be used with the tracert command is –d. If someone was to type tracert –d www.cisco.com, then the command issued to the computer is to trace the route to www.cisco.com, but do not try to resolve IP addresses to names. The target_name parameter is mandatory (it does not have brackets around it) and it is replaced with the destination network. In the previous example of tracert –d www.cisco.com, www.cisco.com is the target_name.
3. Which tracert option would be used to designate that only 5 hops could be used to search for the device address on the destination network? Jawaban: 10.10.14.45, 172.20.11.82, 222.124.3.9, 203.208.131.89 dan 59.128.15.141
4. Write the full command that would be typed to trace a route to www.cisco.com and instruct the computer to not search for it after seven hops. Jawaban: tracert –d www.cisco.com
5. Using one of the remote country destination addresses (use the same address as the one you used with the visual tool if possible) use the tracert command to determine how many hops it takes to reach the remote web server. Write the number of hops and the destination. Jawaban:
6. The tracert command uses Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo request messages to determine the path to the final destination. The path displayed is a list of IP addresses assigned to routers that connect to one another to form the path. The ICMP packets contain a value called a Time To Live (TTL). The TTL value is 30 by default on a Microsoft-based PC and each router through which the packet passes, decrements that value by 1 before sending the packet on to the next router in the path. When the TTL value reaches 0, the router that has the packet sends an ICMP time exceeded message back to the source. The tracert command determines the path by sending the first ICMP echo request message with a TTL of 1 and then increases that TTL value by 1 until the target responds or the maximum number of hops is reached. The path is determined by examining the ICMP time exceed messages that are sent back by routers along the way and by the ICMP echo reply message that is returned from the destination. Routers that do not return the ICMP time exceed messages are shown by a row of asterisks (*).
7. How many hops does your tracert command show that the packet went through? Jawaban:
Step 5: Use the pathping command
1. A similar command that can be used on a Windows XP computer is pathping. This command combines the abilities of the tracert command with the ping command. From the command prompt, use the pathping command to determine the IP addresses of the routers used to create the packet path to another foreign country address. An example of the pathping command used to trace the path to Cisco is pathping www.cisco.com. Jawaban:
2. How many hops did the pathping command display to your remote destination? When do you think that you would ever use a tool like pathping or tracert?
Step 6: (Optional) Use the whois function
1. Some of the freeware tools include an option to perform a whois function. Whois is a separate program or integrated with a tool similar to tracert or pathping. It displays (and sometimes has a link) who owns the web link of either the destination URL (such as cisco.com) or any of the links along the path. Explore the freeware tool that you have downloaded and installed and determine if it has a whois function. If it does, use it to determine who owns the domain name of one of the previous destinations used.

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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CCNA Lab 3.3.3 Tugas CCNA lab 3.3.3

Lab 3.3.3 Determine the MAC Address of a Host
Objective
• Determine the MAC address of a Windows XP computer on an Ethernet network using the ipconfig /all command.
• Access to the Run command.
Background/Preparation
Every computer on an Ethernet local network has a Media Access Control (MAC) address that is burned into the Network Interface Card (NIC). Computer MAC addresses are usually displayed as 6 sets of two hexadecimal numbers separated by dashes or colons. (example: 15-EF-A3-45-9B-57). The ipconfig /all command displays the computer MAC address. You may work individually or in teams. The following resources are required:
• • Windows XP workstation with at least one Ethernet network interface card (NIC)
Step 1: Open a Windows command prompt window
• From the Windows XP desktop, click Start then Run.
• Type cmd in the Run dialogue box then click OK.A Windows command prompt window opens.
Step 2: Use the ipconfig /all command
a. Enter the ipconfig /all command at the command prompt.
b. Press Enter. (Typical results are shown in the following figure, but your computer will display different information.)
Step 3: Locate the MAC
in the output from the ipconfig /all command
a. Use the table below to fill in the description of the Ethernet adapter and the Physical (MAC) Address:
Description Physical Address(es)
WAN Interface 00-53-45-00-00-00
Step 4: Reflection
a. Why might a computer have more than one mac address? Jawaban: karena mac memiliki pengaturan sendiri yang diberikan secara otomatis kepada koputer.
b. The sample output from the ipconfig /all command shown previously had only one MAC address. Suppose the output was from a computer that also had wireless Ethernet capability. How might the output change? Jawaban: perubahan ini dapat dilakukan secara otomatis saat PC tekkoneksi.
c. Try disconnecting the cable(s) to your network adapter(s) and use the ipconfig /all command again. What changes do you see? Does the MAC address still display? Will the MAC address ever change? Jawaban: ya. Perubahan pada mac dan IP addressnya.
d. What are other names for the MAC address? Jawaban: 192.168.245.199

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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CCNA Lab 3.1.5 Tugas CCNA lab 3.1.5

Lab 3.1.5 Building a Peer-to-Peer Network
Objectives
• • Design and build a simple peer-to-peer network using a crossover cable supplied by the instructor.
• • Verify connectivity between the peers using the ping command.
Background / Preparation
In this hands-on lab, you will plan and build a simple peer-to-peer network using two PCs and an Ethernet crossover cable. The following resources are required:
• • Two Window XP Professional PCs, each with an installed and functional Network Interface Card (NIC)
• • An Ethernet crossover cable
Step 1: Diagram the network
1. A network diagram is a map of the logical topology of the network. In the space below, sketch a simple peer-to-peer network connecting two PCs. Label one PC with IP address 192.168.1.1 and the other PC with IP address 192.168.1.2. Use labels to indicate connecting media and any necessary network devices.


Answere:
1. A simple network like the one you designed can use a hub or switch as a central connecting device, or the PCs may be directly connected. Which kind of cable is required for a direct Ethernet connection between the two PCs? Answere: Straight-through Cables
Step 2: Document the PCs
1. Check the computer name settings for each PC and make adjustments as necessary. For each PC, select Start and Control Panel. Double-click the System icon, then click the Computer Name tab. Write down the computer name that is displayed following Full computer name:
PC1 Name Computer 1
PC2 Name Computer 2
1. Check to see if the two PCs have the same name. If they do, change the name of one PC by clicking the Change button, typing a new name in the Computer name field, then clicking OK.
2. Click OK to close the System Properties window.
3. Why is it important that each PC on a network have a unique name? Answere: because if there are the same name of computer make the failed connections, and this is the rules of connections.
Step 3: Connect the Ethernet cable
1. Use the Ethernet crossover cable provided by the instructor. Plug one end of the cable into the Ethernet NIC of PC1.
2. Plug the other end of the cable into the Ethernet NIC of PC2. As you insert the cable, you should hear a click which indicates that the cable connector is properly inserted into the port.
Step 4: Verify physical connectivity
1. After the Ethernet crossover cable is connected to both PCs, take a close look at each Ethernet port. A light (usually green or amber) indicates that physical connectivity has been established between the two NICs. Try unplugging the cable from one PC then reconnecting it to verify that the light goes off then back on.
2. Go to the Control Panel, double click the Network Connections icon, and confirm that the local area connection is established. The following figure shows an active local area connection. If physical connectivity problems exist, you will see a red X over the Local Area Connection icon with the words Network cable unplugged.
3. If the Local Area Connection does not indicate that it is connected, troubleshoot by repeating Steps 3 and 4. You may also want to ask your instructor to confirm that you are using an Ethernet crossover cable.
Step 5: Configure IP settings
1. Configure the logical addresses for the two PCs so that they are able to communicate using TCP/IP. On one of the PCs, go to the Control Panel, double click the Network Connections icon, and then right click the connected Local Area Connection icon. Choose Properties from the pull-down menu.
2. Using the scroll bar in the Local Area Connection Properties window, scroll down to highlight Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). Click the Properties button.
3. Select the Use the following IP address radio button and enter the following information:
IP Address 192.168.1.1 Kelas C
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0 Subnet mask default kelas C
1. Click OK, which will close the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties window. Click the Close button to exit the Local Area Connection Properties window.
2. Repeat steps 5a – 5d for the second PC using the following information:
IP Address 192.168.1.1
Subnet Mask 255.255.255.0
Step 6: Verify IP connectivity between the two PCs
NOTE: To test TCP/IP connectivity between the PCs, Windows Firewall must be disabled temporarily on both PCs. Windows Firewall should be re-enabled after the tests have been completed.
1. On PC1, on the Windows XP desktop, click Start. From the Start menu, select Control Panel, and double-click Network Connections.
2. Right-click the Local Area Connection icon and select Properties. Click the Advanced tab. Locate and click the Settings button.
3. Make a note of whether the firewall settings are ENABLED (ON) for the Ethernet port or DISABLED (OFF) for the Ethernet port.
4. If the firewall settings are enabled, click the Off (not recommended) radio button to disable thefirewall. The setting will be re-enabled in a later step. Click OK in this dialog box and the following to apply this setting.
5. Now that the two PCs are physically connected and configured correctly with IP addresses, we need to make sure they communicate with each other. The ping command is a simple way to accomplish this task. The ping command is included with the Windows XP operating system.
6. On PC1, go to Start, then Run. Type cmd, and then click OK. A Windows command prompt window will appear as shown in the figure below.
7. At the > prompt, type ping 192.168.1.2 and press Enter. A successful ping will verify the IP connectivity. It should produce results similar to those shown in here.
8. Repeat Steps 6a-6c on the second PC. The second PC will ping 192.168.1.1.
9. Close the Windows command prompt window on both PCs.
Step 7: Verify connectivity using My Network Places
1. A PC can share its resources with other PCs on the network. PCs with shared resources should be visible through My Network Places. On PC1, go to Start, click My Network Places, and then click View workgroup computers in the left panel.
2. Do you see an icon for the other PC in your peer-to-peer network? Answere: yes, I do.
3. What is the name of the other PC? Answere: à Cisco 27 and Cisco 28.
4. Is it the same name you recorded in Step 2? Answere: No, it is.
5. Perform Step 7a on the second PC.
6. Close any open windows.
Step 8: (Optional – Use only if the Firewall was originally ENABLED) Re-enable the firewall
1. If you disabled the Windows Firewall in Step 6, click Start, select Control Panel, and open the Network Connections control panel.
2. Right-click the Ethernet network connection icon and select Properties. Click the Advanced tab. Locate and click Settings.
3. If the firewall settings are disabled (and they were enabled before this lab began), click the On radio

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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CCNA Lab 2.3.3 Tugas CCNA lab 2.3.3

CCNA Lab 2.3.3
Tugas CCNA lab 2.3.3

Lab 2.3.3 Examining Operating System and Application Versions
Objectives
• • Determine the operating system (OS) version and revision.
• • Examine the method used for configuring Windows XP updates.
• • Determine the revision number of a particular application.
Background / Preparation
It is important to keep operating systems and applications up-to-date to ensure stable operation and to address security vulnerabilities. These updates are called revisions, updates, patches, or hot fixes. There are three ways to update the Windows XP operating system: automatic updating, downloading patches automatically and manually determining when they are installed, or manually downloading and installing the patches. This lab can be done individually, in pairs, or in teams. The following resources are required:
• Computer with Windows XP and an application such as Microsoft Word installed
Step 1: Determine the Windows XP version and revision number
• a. Click the Start button and select All Programs > Accessories > Windows Explorer.
• b. From the Help menu, choose About Windows.
• c. Which version of Windows XP and service pack is installed on your computer?Jawaban: Windows XP Service pack 2 version 5.1
• d. How much physical memory (RAM) is available to Windows XP? Jawaban: 978,884 kb
• e. Why is memory important to an operating system? Jawaban: karena setiap proses yang dilakukan oleh system computer tersimpan dalam memori jadi memori sanganlah penting bagi OS. Memory important to an operating system becauseMemory does store temporary files from software and OS. The memory does not store the temporary files from software and OS. These files Should Be fast Pls reached a user application needs those files. These files must be achieved quickly when the application requires the file. Example: You’re working with a word proccesor and you’re typing. Example: You work with proccesor word and you type. Everything you type would be stored in the memory Sow you do not lose the data you’re Until you save That data on you’re hard drive it stays in the memory if the application is running. Everything you type will be stored in the memory sow you will not lose your data until you save the data on your hard drive is still in memory when the application is running.
• Click on the End-user License Agreement link on the About Windows screen.
• According to the license agreement, how many backup copies of Windows XP can you legally make? Jawaban: satu saja.
• g. Close the end-user license agreement window. Close the About Windows window.
Step 2: Configure Windows XP for updates
a. Click on the Start button and select the Control Panel option.
b. If the right window pane shows Pick a Category, select the Switch to Classic View link in the left pane. Double-click the Automatic Updates option.
c. Which four options are available for automatic updates? Jawaban:
• Automatic (recommended) Option
• Download Updates for Me, But Let Me Choose When to Install Them Option
• Notify Me But Don’t Automatically Download or Install Them Option
• Turn Off Automatic Updates Option
d. Click on the How Does Automatic Updates Work? link. Expand the How Are Updates
Downloaded? section by clicking on the + (plus sign) beside the option.
e. Based on the information presented, what happens if you are using your computer, updates are being
downloaded, and you disconnect from the Internet?
Jawaban: based the information if updates are process but suddenly disconnect to the internet “if you disconnect from internet before updates are fully downloaded, nothing is lost. The download will be continue the next time you connect to the internet”
f. Expand the How Are Updates Installed? section.
Based on the output shown, what is the default time for when updates are installed?
Jawaban: update is daily updates, it nothing speciall time for update. But you are free to choose what time you want to update
g. Close the How Does Automatic Updates Work? window and return to the Automatic Updates window.
h. What is the current setting for automatic updates, and why do you think the person who set up the computer chose this option?Jawaban: karena OS nya tidak original maka perlu di lakukan peng-update-tan supaya untuk melindungi OS dan Pc dari virus-virus dan bahaya lainnya.
i. Close the Automatic Updates window.
j. Another way of configuring a system for automatic updates is through the System control panel. Click
the Start button, click the Control Panel option, and double-click the System control panel icon.
Click on the Automatic Updates tab.
k. Are the options the same as before? Yes.
l. Close the System control panel.
Step 3: Determine an application version
a. Open any Windows-based application such as Microsoft Word.
b. From the application Help menu option, choose the About option.
c. What is the application version?
Jawaban
d. If this is a Microsoft application, there may be a System Info button. If there is a button, click on it. If
there is no button, skip to the next step. Explore the different options available under System Info,
including information related to your specific application. System Info provides similar information to
that provided by winmsd.exe.
e. Click on the Help menu again. If there are double down arrows at the bottom of the menu, click them
to show all the menu options. Some applications have a Check for Updates option. Does the
application have this option? Jawaban: ya.
f. Do you think that Internet access is required for an application that has a Check for Updates option?
Why or why not? Jawaban: tidak karena Ms. Office yang saya gunakan full version.
. Close the application.
Step 4: Reflection
1. When is it important to get an update for an application or an operating system?
Jawaban: ketika update itu sangat dibutuhkan untuk mendukung pengotimalan kerja dari aplikasi maupu os namun kesering update juga menimbulkan masalah oleh karena itu gunakanlah aplikasi maupu os yang full version.
1. List one instance when you might need to know which version of the operating system or application is being used.

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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tugas ccna lab 1.3.3

Oleh Zulfikri 06492/2008

Lab 1.3.3 Determining the Screen Resolution of a Computer

Objectives

* Determine the current screen resolution of a PC monitor.
* Determine the maximum resolution for the highest color quality.
* Calculate the number of pixels needed for resolution settings.
* Identify the type of monitor and graphics card installed.

Background / Preparation

The resolution of a monitor determines the quality of the screen display. The resolution is determined by the number of horizontal and vertical picture elements (pixels) that are used to produce the image on the monitor. The number of pixels is typically predefined by the manufacturers of graphics cards and PC monitors. The highest number of pixels that a monitor and graphics card can support is referred to as maximum resolution. An example of maximum resolution is 1280 x1024, which means the display is composed of 1280 horizontal pixels and 1024 vertical pixels. The higher the resolution is set, the sharper the display image. The maximum resolution of a PC monitor and the number of colors the monitor can display are determined by two factors:

* • Capability of the monitor
* • Capability of the graphics card, especially the amount of onboard memory

The following resources are required:

* • Computer with Windows XP installed

Step 1: Determine the current screen resolution

1. To view the current screen resolution and color quality settings, right-click on any empty space on the desktop and select Properties from the context menu. In the Display Properties window, select the Settings tab.
2. You can also access Display Properties by opening the Control Panel and clicking the Display icon.
3. Use the Display Properties Settings tab to record the current settings on your PC: The screen resolution is (H by V) Answere: Horizontal The horizontal resolution is: 1024, The vertical resolution is: 768, The color quality value is: 32 bit

Step 2: Determine the maximum resolution for the highest color quality

The slide bar under Screen resolution is used to configure the desired resolution.

a. Move the slide bar to see the range of screen resolutions that are available on your PC. (The range is determined by the operating system when it identifies the display card and the monitor.)

b. Use the Display Properties Settings tab to fill out the following table for the current settings on your PC: Answere:

Minimum screen resolution 800×600 pixels

Maximum screen resolutio 1280×800 pixels

Available color quality settings medium (16 bit) dan highest 932 bit)

Step 3: Calculate the pixels for current and maximum resolution settings

1. The display on the screen consists of rows of pixels. The number of pixels in each row is the horizontal resolution. The number of rows is the vertical resolution. To determine the total number of pixels in a screen resolution, you multiply the horizontal resolution by the vertical resolution. For example, if the current resolution is 1280 x 1024, the total number of pixels is 1280 times 1024, or 1,310,720. Answere:
2. Calculate the total number of pixels for the lowest resolution: 600 pixels______________________
3. Calculate the total number of pixels for the maximum resolution: 1280 pixels____________________

Step 4: Identify the type of graphics card installed

You can get detailed information about the graphics card (also called the display adapter) in the Display Properties screen.

a. In the Display Properties screen, click the Advanced button.

b. Select the Adapter tab.

1. Use the information found in the Adapter tab to complete the following table:

Answere:

Graphics card manufacturer and model (Adapter Type)Graphics memory on card (Memory Size)


Chip type, DAC Type, memory Size, adapter string, Bios infoemation128 MB, but this is based on speck of the each of the computer.

Step 5: Identify the type of monitor and available refresh rates

You can get detailed information about the monitor in the Display Properties screen. The screen refresh rate determines the number of times per second the screen is illuminated or redrawn. A refresh rate of 60 hertz means the screen is illuminated 60 times per second. Higher refresh rates provide less screen flicker, which reduces eye strain, but may adversely affect the monitor. You should set the refresh rate to the highest level the monitor can safely support.

1. Click on the Monitor tab to see the monitor type and current refresh rate.
2. Use the information found in the Monitor tab to complete the following table: Answere:

Monitor type


Plug and Play Monitor and NVIDIA GeForce Go 7400

Supported refresh rates


60 Hert

3. What can occur if you select a refresh rate that is higher than what the monitor can safely display? Answere: Can be damage to hadware.

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 21, 2010

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Tutor for webserver using fedora 8

install mysql seperti ini

yum install mysql mysql-server

 

lalu periksa apakah sudah terinstall

chkconfig --levels 235 mysqld on

/etc/init.d/mysqld start

 

lalu masukin password kamu / bikin password

mysqladmin -u root password

contoh :

mysqladmin -u root password kocenkcak3p

 

lalu periksa lagi

netstat -tap | grep mysql

bila sukses akan tampak seperti ini

tcp        0      0 *:mysql *:*                     LISTEN     2713/mysqld

 

lalu set password hosname seperti ini

mysqladmin -h server1.example.com -u root password

 

lalu kita tinggal install webservernya

yum install lighttpd

 

lalu kita cek lagi

chkconfig --levels 235 lighttpd on

/etc/init.d/lighttpd start

 

klu sudah coba bukak localhost sukses lom hehehee

nah sampai disini masih berupa html blum php langkah selanjutnya adalah

membuat php dapat berjalan lihat config na di sini

/etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf.

 

sekarang kita install phpnya

yum install lighttpd-fastcgi php-cli

 

setelah terinstall bukak /etc/php.ini dan rubahlah bagian cgi menjadi seperti ini

[...]

cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1

 

lalu pada bagian /etc/lighttpd/lighttpd.conf menjadi seperti ini

[...]

server.modules              = (

#                               "mod_rewrite",

#                               "mod_redirect",

#                               "mod_alias",

                                "mod_access",

#                               "mod_cml",

#                               "mod_trigger_b4_dl",

#                               "mod_auth",

#                               "mod_status",

#                               "mod_setenv",

                                "mod_fastcgi",

#                               "mod_proxy",

#                               "mod_simple_vhost",

#                               "mod_evhost",

#                               "mod_userdir",

#                               "mod_cgi",

#                               "mod_compress",

#                               "mod_ssi",

#                               "mod_usertrack",

#                               "mod_expire",

#                               "mod_secdownload",

#                               "mod_rrdtool",

                                "mod_accesslog" )

[...]

 

jangan lupa pada bagian fastcgi.server tanda # juga dibuang agar phpnya dapat berjalan

seperti contoh di bawah ini

[...]

#### fastcgi module

## read fastcgi.txt for more info

## for PHP don't forget to set cgi.fix_pathinfo = 1 in the php.ini

fastcgi.server             = ( ".php" =>

                               ( "localhost" =>

                                 (

                                   "socket" => "/var/run/lighttpd/php-fastcgi.socket",

                                   "bin-path" => "/usr/bin/php-cgi"

                                 )

                               )

                            )

[...]

 

bila sudah coba restart

/etc/init.d/lighttpd restart

 

bila sudah coba buat info.php

/var/www/lighttpd/  <<<>

 

touch info.php

 

nano / vi //var/www/lighttpd/info.php

phpinfo();

?>

 

install agar suport php5

yum search php

 

yum install php-mysql php-gd php-imap php-ldap php-odbc php-pear php-xml php-xmlrpc

 

lalu restart

/etc/init.d/lighttpd restart

 

jadi deh untuk menambahkan phpmyadmin tinggal download

phpMyAdmin-2.11.8.1-all-languag

taruh di posisi /var/www/lighttpd/

rubah nama jadi phpmyadmin install dan lihat hasilnya

 

sukses selalu buat semua hehehehee

Posted By ZulfikriMinggu, Oktober 17, 2010

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CCNA Discovery 1 Module 6 Exam Answers Version 4.

Answering by :ZulFikri 06492

1. A user types www.cisco.com into a web browser address textbox. What does www.cisco.com represent?
• the IP address of a web server
• a physical network address
• the closest router interface to the source
• the source IP address in the data transmission

2. What type of server would use IMAP?
• DNS
• DHCP
• e-mail
• FTP
• Telnet
• web

3. Which type of server would most likely be used first by a network client in a corporate environment?
• DNS
• DHCP
• e-mail
• FTP
• Telnet
• web

4. Which protocol is used by FTP to transfer files over the Internet?
• TCP
• SMTP
• UDP
• SNMP

5. Which protocols are TCP/IP application layer protocols? (Choose two.)
• UDP
• FTP
• IP
• SMTP
• TCP

6. Which of the following are layers of the TCP/IP model? (Choose three.)
• Application
• Physical
• Internet
• Network Access
• Presentation

7. You are creating a network-based video game. What influences your decision about which transport protocol to use for the application?
• UDP will not disrupt the game to retransmit dropped packets.
• TCP provides extra acknowledgements that will ensure smooth video delivery.
• Both TCP and UDP can be used simultaneously to ensure speed and guaranteed delivery.
• Both TCP and UDP may slow transmission and disrupt game operation, so no transport protocol should be used.

8. Whenever e-mail clients send letters, what device is used to translate the domain names into their associated IP addresses?
• Uniform Resource Locator
• Network redirector server
• SNMP server
• DNS server

9. Which application is most likely used to translate www.cisco.com to 198.133.219.25?
• DHCP
• DNS
• FTP
• HTTP
• POP
• SMTP

10. Refer to the graphic. Which protocol is used to access this website?
• IM
• FTP
• HTTP
• SNMP
• VoIP

11. Which port number is used by SMTP?
• 20
• 21
• 25
• 26
• 110

12. Which protocol is used by e-mail servers to communicate with each other?
• FTP
• HTTP
• TFTP
• SMTP
• POP
• SNMP

13. What client software enables logged in users to communicate with other logged in users in real time?
• blog
• e-mail
• web mail
• instant messaging

14. An Internet server is running both FTP and HTTP services. How does the server know which of these applications should handle an incoming segment?
• The packet header identifies it as an HTTP or FTP packet.
• The data in the segment is specially formatted for either HTTP or FTP.
• The segment destination port number identifies the application that should handle it.
• The source port number is associated with one of these well known server applications.

15. What term is used to describe how TCP/IP protocols are layered and interact to format, address, and transmit information across a network?
• protocol hierarchy
• protocol modeling
• protocol stack
• protocol layering

16. What three items are contained in an Ethernet frame? (Choose three.)
• source IP address
• source MAC address
• destination IP address
• destination MAC address
• error-checking information

17. What information is contained in an IP header?
• source and destination IP addresses
• source and destination MAC addresses
• only destination IP and MAC addresses
• both source and destination IP and MAC addresses

18. Cabling issues are associated with which OSI layer?
• 4
• 2
• 1
• 3

19. A device receives an Ethernet frame and recognizes the MAC address as its own. What does the device do to the message to get to the encapsulated data?
• removes the IP header
• removes the TCP header
• passes data to the application layer
• removes the Ethernet header and trailer

20. A client has decoded a frame and started the de-encapsulation process. In which order does the de-encapsulation process occur?
• 1) remove IP header
2) remove Ethernet header and trailer
3) remove TCP header
4) pass data to the application
• 1) add TCP header to data
2) add an IP header
3) add frame header and trailer
4) encode the frame into bits
• 1) remove Ethernet header and trailer
2) remove IP header
3) remove TCP header
4) pass data to the application
• 1) add TCP header to data
2) add Ethernet header and trailer
3) add an IP header
4) encode the frame into bits

21. What is an advantage of the use of layers in the OSI reference model?
• It breaks network communications into larger parts.
• It increases complexity.
• It prevents changes in one layer from affecting other layers.
• It requires the use of single-vendor equipment for hardware and software communications.

22. What is the correct order of the layers of the OSI reference model, starting at the lowest layer and working up the model?
• data link, physical, transport, network, presentation, session, application
• physical, data link, network, session, transport, presentation, application
• physical, data link, network, transport, presentation, session, application
• physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, application
• application, session, presentation, transport, data link, network, physical

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Oktober 14, 2010

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Berapa kah kerugian kita ya

pernah kah terpikir dalam kehidupan sehari hari oleh kita ya apakah pengeluaran kita sia-sia
apakah uang yang kita investasikan itu berhasil atau malah merugikan
kita lihat investasi kecil-kecilan bahkan bisa dikatakan hal sepele dan terkadang kita pun tak menyadari itu sebuah investasi
kita mulai ok
Handphone
pernah kah anda pikirkan hal ini sebelum membeli handphone
a.untuk apa saya beli HP?
b.jika saya beli hp ini tahan nya berapa lama ya?
c.berapakah biaya hp ini sehari ya mulai dari listrik yang dipakai dalam mencas nya,asesories
dan uang perbaikan pas di rusak?
setelah itu,pada saat anda memakai hp anda sudah berapa banyak hp itu memberik penghasilan pada anda?
udah kebayang kan berapa kerugian dan keuntungan anda dalam investasi hp anda
nah ini baru hal kecil nan sepele,apalagi hal yang besar seperti kendaraan pribadi atau mungkin juga rumah tempat tinggal kita
mereka- mereka itu udah ngasih sesuatu yang menguntungkan belum atau hanya sekedar brfungsi secara konvensional

mari kita evaluasi bersama
mudah-mudahan tulisan jelek yang penuh dengan kesalahan tata bahasa atau apalah semacam nya berguna dan membantu

siip lahhh

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Maret 25, 2010

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memperbaiki flash yang terprotek

mencoba berbagi nih
ternyata memperbaiki media penyimpan yang terprotek ngak harus pake software lho
saya pernah mengalami lho memory camdig yang terprotek saya coba cari software nya
tapi ngak mempan juga
wah ktemu duh orang yang lagi bagi-bagi ilmu
simpel aja caranya
1.pasang flash atau memory anda ke komputer sehingga terbaca isi ny
2.klik kanan pada drive tersebut kemudian ambil eject
3.kemudian cabut flash atau memory tersebut dari komputer(tidak di eject melalui star up ny )
4.hubungkan kembali flash atau memory itu ke komputer dan lakukan pemformatan

nah jika belum berhasil lakukan langkah ke 1 sampai ke 3 ber ulang-ulang kemudian ulangi langkah ke 4
selamat men coba ya
mudah-mudahan berguna

Posted By ZulfikriKamis, Maret 25, 2010

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